OpenClaw < 2026.3.31 - Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Vulnerability in Sandbox File Operations

OpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a time-of-check-time-of-use vulnerability in sandbox file operations that allows attackers to bypass fd-based defenses. Attackers can exploit check-then-act patterns in apply_patch, remove, and mkdir operations to manipulate files between validation and execution.